Glossary:
A
B
C
D
E
F
H
I
L
S
T
W
Ad
Valorem :
The method by which
freight or custom duty may be calculated,
based on the value of the goods as opposed
to the weight or volume
Air Waybill
:
The air waybill is the
documentary evidence of the contract of
carriage between the shippe, carrier and
consignee. It is different from a Bill of
Lading in that it is not a document of title
to the goods.
AREAS
- IATA
The international air
transport association, for administrative
purposes, divides the world into three IATA
Traffic Conference Areas. These are referred
to as Areas No 1 , 2 & 3 .
IATA area 1 comprises
of the North and South American Continent
and adjacent islands.
IATA area 2 comprises
of all Europe , Iceland , Africa and Iran.
IATA area 3 comprises
of all Asia and Australia and New Zealand
.
Average
Adjusters
In the case of General
Average a specialist firm of Average Adjusters
is appointer to assist with the intial problems
and calculate the contribution due by each
interest . Because the adjustment may take
years before its issued , the Adjusters' first
task is to obtain security for general average
contribution from cargo interests by obtaining
the Merchant's signature on an Average Bond
( the promise to pay ) backed up by either
an Average Guarantee signed by a reputable
Underwriter or by a cash deposit based on
the contributing value estimated by the Average
Adjuster.
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Load
Load which enables a truck
or vessel to return loaded to the place where
the original load orginated.
Barge
Flat bottomed vessel used
mainly in inland shipping on rivers and canals.
Some are self propelled and others can be
towed or pushed. Barges are often linked together
and towed in line . Non propelled barges are
known as dumb barges. On the Rhine it is permitted
to operate a push tug unit with six dumb barges
( 3x2 abrest ) so that the maximum of 16,000
tonnes of cargo can be carried . Dumb barges
are also cheap , temporary storage units.
Bi-Modal
(Trailer)
Road Semi -trailer with
retractable running gear mounted onto a rail
bogey for rail transport. During rail transport
the wheels of the trailer are lifted off .
Bill of
Lading ( B/L )
Document issued by a carrier
(shipowner or shipping line ) to the shipper
of goods. It is a receipt for goods, evidence
of the carriage contract, and a document of
title to the goods.The latter feature is something
akin to the relationship a cheque has to money.
Without a bill of lading ( with the proper
endorsement) no goods. The goods can be bought
or sold merely by the passing of the B/L consigned
"to order" providing that all the
endorsements are in order.
Bill of
Lading Straight
Under the Pomerene Act
of 1916 ( United States) a Bill of Lading
need not be surrendered for goods in the case
of exports or interstate transactions if the
Bill of Lading is consigned to the named party
and marked "Non Negotiable". Such
a document is referred tp as a " Straight
Bill".
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Cabotage
Authorisation
Cabotage ie point to point
haulage with another EU member state is not
permitted under a Community Authorisation.
However special Cabotage Authorisations, each
valid for two months, are available from the
department.
Chargeable
weight
In air freight the chargeable
weight is the actual gross weight or volume
weight whichever is higher apart from certain
exceptions.
Combined
Transport
Combined transport is the
term used to describe the utilisation of different
modes of carriage . it normally embraces Intermodal,
Multimodal, Bi modal and road -on -rail methods
of transportation. Carriage by more than one
mode of transport against one contract of
carriage. A true combined transport movment
starts at the Shipper's premises and ends
at the Consignee's premises ie House to House
or Door to Door . Combined Transport services
are operated by a CTO ( Combined Transport
Operator).
Conditions
of Trading
Conditions under which
a company trades with customers. Normally
in the Transport business conditions are printed
on the reverse of Shippers Letters of Instruction
and /or letter heading. Also referred to as
" Conditions " they are printed
on the reverse side of Airwaybills and Surface
waybills and Bills of Lading.
Conference
Rate
A rate for freight set
by a Conference that is the subject to the
standard terms and conditions of the particular
liner conference.
Container
- aircraft
Aircraft carry containers
somewhat similiar to the 20" boxes carried
of surface transport
Container
Vessel
Ship specially designed
to carry shipping containers . The vessel
consists of cells into which containers are
guided by uprights . Capacity of current new
buildings are in excess of 5000TEUs
CPT
Carriage paid to ( named
place of destination) means that the seller
pays the freight for the carriage of the goods
to the named destination. The buyer should
note that all risks for loss or damage to
the goods transferto him/her when goods are
handed over into the custody of the carrier.
CTD
A document issued by a
Combined Transport Operator (CTO ) that covers
the multimodal transport on a door to door
basis in one contract of carriage. It is issued
by a Carrier who contracts as a principal
with the Merchant to effect a combined Transport
and as such is liable to the Merchant throughout
the carriage from end to end.
Curtain
sider
Swap body or trailer with
a sliding curtain along the length of the
unit which allows free access from the sides
with the curtains drawn back .
Customs
Clearance Agents
For all consignments coming
into or leaving the state from countries outside
the EU custom formalities have to be attended
to on behalf of the importer or exporter as
the case may be.
A freight forwarder
or customs clearing agent ( who specialises
in customs clearance only) may perform the
task and raise an appropriate fee for carrying
out the job . In some cases the agent also
guarantees and advances the duties to Customs.
Also referred to as Custom Brokers since free
circulation of goods within Europe came into
being on January 1st 93, many Customs Clearance
Agents-especially at border points -were virtually
out of business.
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DDP
Delivered duty paid ( named
place ) means that the seller fulfills his
obligation to deliver when the goods have
been made available at the named place in
the country of importation. The seller has
to bear the risks and costs incluing duties
, taxes and other charges for delivering the
goods to that point cleared for importation
The seller has to bear the risks and costs
includingduties, taxes and other charges for
delivering the goods to that point cleared
for importation. If the seller is unable directly
or indirectly to obtain an import licence
( if required) the term should not be used.While
the EXW term represents the minimum obligation
for the seller DDP represents the maximum
obligation.
DDU
Delivered duty unpaid (
named place of destination) means that the
seller fulfills his obligation to deliver
when the goods have been made available at
the named place in the country of importation.
The seller has to bear the costs and risks
involved in bringing the goods to the point
but excludes duties and taxes. The seller
however has to bear the risks and costs of
carrying out clearance through customs although
the buyer has to pay any additional costs
incurred by delays in clearance caused by
him.
Detention
Charge raised for detaining
container/trailer at Customer's premises for
longer period than provided for in Tariff
Demurrage
Amount of money payable
for failing to load or discharge a vessel
or aircraft in the time allowed in the charter
party. In the case of containerised cargo
it is also payable for delays to equipment
such as containers caused by slow customs
clearance for example
Documentary
Credit
The basis of international
trade by means of which payment is made against
surrender of specified documents . A letter
addressed by a banker to an exporter ( usually
but not always) undertaking to make payment
to him against documents relating to the dispatch
of goods . The documents usually required
are bill of lading or airway bill , invoice
and insurance document and if these are in
order and shipment has been made in as specified
in the credit , the bank will pay for the
consignment in exchange for the documents.
It is important that the details of the credit
are in accordance with the contract of sale
between the exporter and importer and letters
of credit should be checked carefully when
first received by the exporter to ensure that
he can comply with its conditions. An international
code of practise called the Uniform Customs
and Practise for documentary credit.
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EDI
Electronic Data Interchange
- the transfer of structured data from one
computer system to another computer system.
The most efficient EDI links originating applications
programmes to processing application.
Euro- Pallet
Size of pallet is 1200mm
x 800mm . Height of pallet itself is approximately
185mm
ETA
Estimated time of arrival
of vessel , flight , truck or train
ETD
Estimated time of departure
EU
Member states of the European
Union are Austria , Beligum, Denmark , France
, Finland, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy,
Luxembourg, The Netherlands, Portugal , Spain
, Sweden and United Kingdom.
EURO:
Value IR£= 0.787564
Export Credits
Guarantee
Insurance on goods shipped
against non-payment by reason of commercial
and /or political risks as arranged.
Export Licence
A document issued by the
government authorising export of restricted
goods.
Ex Works
Ex Works ( named place
) means that the seller fulfills his obligation
to deliver when he has made the goods available
to the buyer at his premises. He is not responsible
under this term for loading the goods on the
vehicle provided by the buyer or for clearing
the goods through customs for export, unless
otherwise agreed.
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FAK
System whereby freight
is charged per container or unit , irrespective
of the nature of the goods and not according
to goods classification.
FAS
Free alongside ship ( named
port of shipment) means that the seller fulfills
his obligation to deliver when the goods have
been placed alongside the vessel on the quay
or in lighters at the named port of shipment.
The buyer has to bear all costs and risks
of loss or damage from the moment.
FCA
Free Carrier ( named place
) means that the seller fulfills his obligation
to deliver when he has handed over the goods
cleared for export in the charge of the carrier
named by the buyer at the name place.
FOB
Free on board ( named port
of shipment) means that the seller fulfills
his obligation to deliver when the goods have
passed over the ship's rail at the named port
of the shipment. The buyer bears all costs
and the risk of loss or damage to goods from
that point.
Forwarding
Agent
Arranges the carriage of
goods and the associated formalities on behalf
of the shipper or the receiver. In some instances
the Forwarding agent may be the operator of
the service used eg Driver accompanied Trailer
service from the originating country to destination
country
Freight
The amount payable for
the carriage of goods . The word is also used
to describe the goods themselves.
Freight
Forwarder
Arranges the carriage of
goods and the associated formalities on behalf
of the shipper or the receiver. In some instances
the Freight Forwarder may be the operator
of the service used eg Driver accompanied
Trailer service from the originating country
to destination country.
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